Background: Current diagnostic methods, including tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), have limitations in sensitivity and specificity, particularly in differentiating Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from chronic liver diseases. This study investigated the diagnostic efficacy of these markers, individually and in combination, using chemiluminescence assay (CLIA) in patients with and without HCC. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, analyzing data from 800 patients at Ibn Sina Diagnostic and Imaging Center in Dhaka. Tumor marker levels were assessed using CLIA kits, and associations with HCC diagnosis, tumor differentiation, occupation, age, and tumor size were examined. Results: Descriptive statistics revealed higher tumor marker levels in poorly differentiated tumors compared to welldifferentiated ones and controls. The combination of AFP, CA19-9, and CEA showed superior diagnostic accuracy for HCC, with a sensitivity of 86.5% and specificity of 92.3%. Occupation and age were found to correlate with tumor marker levels and HCC risk, with certain occupations and older age associated with larger tumor sizes. Regression analysis confirmed the associations between tumor markers and HCC. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the potential of AFP, CA19-9, and CEA as a panel of tumor markers for HCC detection and monitoring. CLIA emerged as a reliable diagnostic tool, offering high specificity and accuracy. Occupational factors and age were identified as relevant considerations in HCC risk assessment.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a major worldwide health concern, often diagnosed at advanced stages, resulting in poor prognosis. Timely detection is critical for improving patient outcomes. Serum biomarkers have shown promise in facilitating early HCC diagnosis, but their effectiveness can vary among different demographic groups. Objective: The objective of this extensive investigation was to assess the diagnostic capability of cancer antigen 19.9 (CA19.9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and alphafetoprotein (AFP) as biomarkers for the early detection of HCC. We aimed to evaluate their performance concerning various demographic factors, such as age, gender, and place of residence. Methods: The investigation was conducted in Bangladesh’s Dhaka at the Ibn Sina Diagnostic and Imaging Center. In a cross-sectional analysis conducted between March 2022 and February 2023, 412 patients were included. Advia XPT was used for data collection, while SPSS version 23 was used for analysis. Age, gender, education level, occupation, and place of residence were among the demographic details that were noted. The amounts of serum biomarkers were assessed, and their usefulness for diagnosis was assessed. Results: Among the 412 patients in the study, the distribution across age groups revealed that the majority (105, 25.5%) were aged 51-55. In terms of gender, 294 (71.4%) were male, while 118 (28.6%) were female. Significant variations in biomarker levels were observed across demographic groups. AFP, CEA, and CA19.9 demonstrated varying sensitivities and specificities within different age groups and gender distributions. Notably, AFP showed promising results, particularly in older age groups, with a sensitivity of 81.7% and specificity of 88.4% in patients aged 51-55. AFP exhibited the highest diagnostic accuracy, followed by CA19.9 and CEA. Conclusions: This study highlights the diagnostic potential of serum biomarkers, especially AFP, in the early detection of HCC. Age-specific variations in biomarker performance suggest the importance of considering demographic factors when assessing their efficacy. These findings offer valuable insights for tailoring early HCC diagnosis strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

The bulk of people in Bangladesh are Muslims, and they have a diverse set of customs and rituals. The research examines the traditions of Muslims in Mohangonj Upazila, Netrokona, emphasizing the spiritual and psychological advantages of these practices as well as their development and future prospects. In order to collect useful qualitative data for exploratory and descriptive research, participant observation, case study methods, and unstructured interviews are combined. The five pillars of the Muslim faith are iman, prayer, zakat, fasting during Ramadan, and the Hajj. Religious rites, life transitions, legal frameworks, familial rites, gastronomic traditions, and seasonal festivities are examples of customs that are observed. Muslims have several customs pertaining to marriage, birth, and death. As time goes on, the younger community is becoming less focused on most of the rituals, ideals, and practices. Due to their widespread use of smartphones and video games, schoolboys are becoming less observant of religious and cultural traditions. While traditional activities are restricted by a lack of suitable fields and public spaces, the virtual world provides non-traditional platforms for expression. Customs are impacted by a number of factors, including group cohesion, education, migration from rural to urban areas, and the increasing use of ICTs. The disdain for preserving harmony with Muslim ritual traditions is the fundamental reason for these modifications. Lastly, a few recommendations on how to make things better have come from the viewpoint of the community.

The climate of Bangladesh has changed drastically which may put considerable adverse impacts on mangrove fishers; however, very few studies focused on this professional group. An attempt was made to perceive the impact and adaptation measures of the Sundarbans mangrove resource users, employing interviews and focus group discussions. A total of 150 respondents were randomly selected from the Sundarbans west under Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira District. It was revealed that the abundance of fishes, fuel woods, honey, golpata (Nypa fruticans), and shrimp postlarvae (PL) witnessed considerable reduction. The resource users have adapted themselves by changing their occupation, becoming jobless and depending on the other family members. PL collection, honey collection, shrimp culture, and wood collection were found professional adapting strategies to adopt cyclone, flood, salinity intrusion, river erosion and drought. Several recommendations are elicited, the implementation of which is important to ensure livelihood sustainability of the mangrove communities.

The purpose of this study was to determine how much product packaging or design influences consumers’ decisions to purchase goods. This study aims to determine how product design influences consumer choice. Data from questionnaires and interviews were gathered for the study, and after being examined using percentage distribution tables, the results were eventually displayed graphically. The researcher made the following proposal so that businesses would succeed: they should prioritize the happiness of their customers over the pursuit of profit or other benefits. This means that since a company’s product design is one of the main aspects luring customers to purchase its goods, it is imperative that it take great care of it and put in great effort to achieve as a business.