A fundamental pathophysiological process, apoptosis is also a crucial stage in healthy growth and life. Despite the fact that a variety of triggers can cause cell death, the mode of cell death often follows distinct patterns. Necrosis is a non-physiological process that happens as a result of infection or injury. Apoptosis, also known as Type I cell death, and autophagy, often known as Type II cell death, are both types of planned cell death. Necrosis, which can take many various forms, is the death of cells brought on by outside forces like injury or infection. Necroptosis, a type of programmed necrosis, has recently been identified as an additional type of designed cell death. Necroptosis is thought to work as a cell-death fallback when apoptosis signaling is inhibited by endogenous or external elements like viruses or mutations. Cornification is a distinct process of terminal differentiation and programmed cell death that epidermal keratinocytes go through. The creation of the outermost skin barrier is a result of cornification. An overview of the various types of cell death and their mechanisms is provided in this review paper.

The comprehension of plankton communities is essential for the advancement of aquaculture, as they have a significant impact on environmental variables. In this regard, the study was conducted to investigate the ecological ramifications of nutrient management on the plankton community in pond. The experiment featured four treatments, each with three replications: T0 was the control without feed and fertilizer, T1 with only fertilizer, T2 with fertilizer and feed, and T3 with only feed. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry were stocked and fed initially at 50% of body weight in T3 and gradually reduced to 5%. Feeding in T2 was half that of T3, and fertilization was done weekly. In the study, four phytoplankton groups were identified: Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Euglenophyceae, along with four zooplankton groups: Rotifera, Copepoda, Cladocera, and Crustacea. Chlorophyceae and Rotifera were discovered to be the most dominant phytoplankton and zooplankton groups, respectively. The treatments showed a significant difference (P <0.05) in plankton, notably between T2 and T0. The mean plankton abundance was highest in treatment T2. Findings indicated that the application of both fertilizers and feed was better for plankton population growth than other treatments. So, the study could recommend the combined application of fertilizers and supplemental feed as the best option for semi-intensive fish farming.

This study was conducted to determine and compare the organoleptic quality and the bacterial load of lean fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and fatty fish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Empirical data were collected from four fish markets in Northeast Bangladesh (Sylhet and Sunamganj) considering two seasons. The Total Viable Count (TVC) of fatty fish (pangus) ranged from 6.213±0.633 log cfu g-1 to 7.315±0.570 log cfu g-1 in the winter and 6.907±1.114 log cfu g-1 to 8.044±0.563 log cfu g-1 in the summer, whereas tilapia (lean fish) ranged from 5.281±0.690 log cfu g-1 to 6.251± 0.435 log cfu g-1 in the winter and 6.025±0.560 log cfu g-1 to 7.929±0.562 log cfu g-1 in the summer. The sanitary conditions and fish storage facilities in the region were found to be poor and didn’t comply with ICMSF standards. In summary, there are a number of suggestions that can be maintained for the quality of products, including controlling the temperature from fishermen to customers, chilling fish following market conditions, providing safety equipment, and training market workers.

The present study was conducted to investigate the bacterial infections of urinary tract and their antibiotic resistance pattern in Dhaka city in the Bangladesh. The study was carried out from November 2016 until July 2017. Two hundred and thirty-five patients with urolithiasis were included in the present study whose ages ranged from 05 to 70 years. Seven different bacterial species with noticeable growth were found in the urine sample after bacterial cultures were performed. E. coli was the most frequent bacterium found in patients’ urinary tract infections, accounting for 50% of cases. Klebsiella (12%), Pseudomonas (10%), Proteus (10%), Streptococcus (8%), Citobacter (6%) and Staphylococcus (4%), were the next most frequent bacteria. According to E. coli, women (72%) had more urinary tract infections than men (21.28%). Diverse bacterial pathogens were discovered to be extremely susceptible to cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and the most of them were also quite sensitive to nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid. Furthermore, nalidixic acid, cotrimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and imipenem showed considerable sensitivity to E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Citrobacter spp.

The purpose of this study was to measure the serum zinc and calcium levels in psoriatic individuals. The Dhaka Medical College’s Biochemistry Department conducted a cross-sectional study from 2021 to 2022, involving 110 participants aged 20-55. Group A included 55 diagnosed psoriasis patients and group B included 55 healthy individuals. Serum zinc and calcium measurements were made using a colorimetric technique. Statistical analysis was conducted using the study’s data, using unpaired Student’s ‘t’ test for continuous variables, Chi-square test for categorical variables, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test for correlation (p> 0.5). When compared to healthy subjects, psoriatic patients’ mean SD serum zinc and calcium levels (57.488.86 and 7.600.58, respectively) were substantially lower (p 0.001) than those of healthy subjects (79.427.37 and 8.750.45, respectively). Psoriasis and serum zinc and calcium showed a significant inverse relationship (r = -0.769, p0.001 and r = -0.736, p0.001, respectively). Only low serum zinc (p0.066) and considerably low serum calcium (p0.006) were identified in patients with long-term psoriasis (>5 years). It can be inferred from this study that psoriasis patients had lower serum levels of calcium and zinc. Thus, regular evaluation of these biomarkers may be useful in preventing worse outcomes brought on by hypozincemia and hypocalcemia.